Office for Social
Ministry
 
e-link
 
The Diocese of
San Diego

 
 
December 23, 2008  #73    858-490-8324
 
 
 
Dear e-link Subscriber,

We wish you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!

As always, we remind current members and inform new members that past e-link bulletins and this current bulletin can be viewed at www.osmelink.org.

God Bless!

Wednesday, December 23, 2008,  OSM e-link Bulletin #73

Table of Contents 


Remarks from Kent Peters on a "Very Long Year"
 

Key Upcoming Culture-of-Life Gatherings/Projects (please join us)

    1. Every parish has been asked to participate in a Nation-wide Congressional 
        Postcard Campaign in January of 2009 - Sponsored by the United States
        Conference of Catholic Bishops and the National Committee for a Human Life
        Amendment, the campaign will attempt to stop the Freedom of Choice Act
        (FOCA)

    2. Three local January Respect-life Events in 2009 - Novena for the 
        Protection of Human Life at the Beginning of the New Administration and the
        111th Congress on Tuesday, January 13, 2009, This Novena will begin
        following the 12:00 p.m. Mass at Our Lady of the Rosary, corner of Date St.
        and State St. Downtown San Diego --------  Mass for the Protection 
        of Human Life on the vigil of the Anniversary of Roe v. Wade with Bishop
        Cordileone on Wednesday, January 21, 7:00 p.m. at Our Lady of the Rosary,
        This Mass will also conclude the Novena started on January 13 --------
        A Public Prayer Rally on the Anniversary of Roe v. Wade, on Thursday, 
        January 22, 4:30 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. at the corner of Grape St. and Pacific
        Highway, Downtown San Diego - Please join us for these three important
          events

        
    3. Make the trip to San Francisco on Saturday, January 24, 2009, for the Fifth
        Annual West Coast Walk for Life
       

Short Reports on Office for Social Ministry Related Issues/Events

    1. Tribute to Sue Lopez, hailed as the most prayerful and active advocate for
        the unborn in our region, who died on Sunday, November 23, 2008

    2. OSM's Restorative Justice conference draws 160 mostly detention 
        ministry volunteers - Father William R. Headley, CSSp was keynote speaker

    3. Premier showing of "Love Lived on Death Row" at St. Thomas More Parish a 
        great success


Web and e-mail-based Resources

     - View on YouTube a Tribute to Sue Lopez video created by her daughter,
        Laura Lopez


Local and Regional Events/Gatherings/Projects

     1. Attend the San Diego Friends of Fair Trade meeting on Wednesday, 
         January 14, at 6:00 p.m. at the Open Door Book Store in Pacific Beach

     2.  "Get Acquainted with Detention Ministry" monthly information/training
          session offered by Deacon Walsh at the Pastoral Center - The next
          training session will be offered on Thursday, January 22, 2009 

     3.  North County prayer witness at the Carlsbad Planned Parenthood Clinic
          scheduled for every third Monday of the month from 10:00 to 10:30 a.m.

     4. Prayerful witness for life at two locations in San Diego County - every
         Saturday and Wednesday at 7340 Miramar Road, just East of the Pyramid
         Building, adjacent to Carroll Road and the second Saturday of every 
         month at 15546 Pomerado Road in Poway

     5. St. Dismas Guild sponsors two weekly hours of prayer for the unborn in
         North County

     6. St. John the Evangelist Parish in Encinitas Pro-Life Mass and Rosary held on
         the first Monday of each month

     7. Most Precious Blood Parish in Chula Vista Rosary Prayer Vigils held every
         Wednesday at 8:45 a.m.

     8. Contact Luis Mendoza to learn more about a physician in Chula Vista who
         performs abortions at his medical facility a few mornings each week

     9. Join neighbors and friends to pray in front of the new Planned Parenthood
         facility in El Cajon on Fridays and Saturdays

    10. The Goretti Group is offering a chastity prayer gathering and a speaker
            training monthly along with a Mass to celebrate chastity
 

Article/Statement for December 23, 2008

     - Richard Dorflinger, Associate Director of the Secretariat of Pro-Life Activities,
        U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, sounds the alarm over FOCA, the
        Freedom of Choice Act, likely to hit us head on in early 2009

 

Remarks from Kent Peters 


It was definitely not the best of times and perhaps, historically, tilting toward the worst of times...

Who will ever forget 2008 in the Year of Our Lord? 

- The California Supreme Court ruled in favor legalizing same-sex marriage,

- Proposition 8 passed in California, reinstating traditional marriage,

- Proposition 4, parental notification, lost, for the third time, in California,

- Barak Obama, one of the most strident political proponents of the culture
  of death, is elected President with 54 percent of the Catholic vote,

- More than a third of the nation's wealth is wiped out in the financial crisis, 

- devastating earthquakes, Cyclone Nargis, and the Olympics happen in China,

- Tony Snow, Tim Russert, Paul Newman, and Charlton Heston, all media giants, 
   pass away,

- Scandals, left and right, rocked the political landscape, and

- Pope Benedict XVI visited the USA with a message of hope.

To be honest, I have never felt so overwhelmed by historical events, and my active belief that, with prayerful effort, we can change the course of history for the better, seems to be losing strength. 

Perhaps, after all, it is presumptuous to think we are really in control, and, as we await the memorial of the birth of Our Lord, we might remember that some thirty three years after his birth, even he was required to "Let go and let God" in the most painful of circumstances.  "Not my will but yours."

It's OK to act as if the circumstances of the world depend upon our response to "things gone bad," but our prayer must center on the fact that all depends on God, and that our God can and will bring a greater good out all evil. 

As a college student, I had a spiritual director felt compelled to remind me on a regular basis that evil was temporary, and that, no matter how bad circumstance seemed, God understood the evil, God was allowing that evil to occur, and in his infinite power and goodness, God would ultimately have his way by establishing an eternal order of love and justice.  I should give that former spiritual director a call; I need to hear that reminder again this Advent Season. 

Let's all pray at year's end, buoyed up by the virtue of Hope, that peace and justice will flourish in the New Year.

The staff of the Office for Social Ministry: Linda, Deacon Jim, and Kent, wish you a very blessed Christmas and a New Year filled with the wisdom of the Holy Spirit!
 

 

Key Upcoming Culture-of-Life Gatherings/Projects


Number 1: Each parish in the Diocese, with assistance from Culture of Life Coordinators, has been asked to participate in a Nation-wide Congressional Postcard Campaign in January of 2009 - The campaign is sponsored by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and National Committee for a Human Life Amendment and has been designed to stop the Freedom of Choice Act (FOCA)


The Freedom of Choice Act (FOCA) will likely be before Congress in early 2009.  FOCA is a radical bill. It creates a “fundamental right” to abortion throughout the nine months of pregnancy. No governmental body at any level would be able to “deny or interfere with” this right, or to “discriminate” against the exercise of this right “in the regulation or provision of benefits, facilities, services, or information.” For the first time, abortion would become an entitlement the government must condone and promote.

FOCA would go well beyond the Supreme Court’s Roe v. Wade decision in imposing an extreme abortion regimen on our country. No other piece of legislation would have such a destructive impact on society’s ability to limit or regulate abortion. It would eliminate a broad range of laws—informed consent laws; parental involvement laws; laws promoting maternal health; abortion clinic regulations; government programs and facilities that pay for or promote childbirth and other health care without subsidizing abortion; conscience protection laws; laws prohibiting a particular abortion procedure (e.g., partial birth abortion); laws requiring that abortions only be performed by a licensed physician; and so on. For a careful legal analysis of FOCA by the USCCB’s Office of General Counsel, see: www.nchla.org/docdisplay.asp?ID=190. A summary fact sheet for general distribution can be found at: www.nchla.org/docdisplay.asp?ID=194.

Please offer support to your parish Culture of Life Coordinator for this important campaign. 

Not sure who that person is?  Call Linda Arreola for that information at 858-490-8327.



 

Number 2: Since 1973, in late January, those of us who value human life from conception to natural death have gathered to grieve over Roe vs. Wade, the U.S. Supreme Court decision that legalized unrestricted abortion in all 50 States - Join us on Tuesday, January 13, 2009, at Noon, again on Tuesday, January 21, at 7:00 p.m., and again on Wednesday, January 22, at 4:30 p.m. to remember the unborn and pray for all those who have been harmed by abortion





Cherish Life!





Join Us for Three Roe vs. Wade Anniversary Events

Tuesday, January 13th, 2009 - at Noon

     *Novena for the Protection of Human Life at the Beginning of the New Administration
       and the 111th Congress on Tuesday, January 13, 2009, This Novena will begin
       following the 12:00 p.m. Mass at Our Lady of the Rosary, corner of Date St. and
       State St. Downtown San Diego

Wednesday, January 21st, 2009 - at 7:00 p.m.

     *Mass for the Protection of Human Life on the vigil of the Anniversary of 
      Roe v. Wade with Bishop Salvatore Cordileone on Wednesday, January 21, 
      at 7:00 p.m. at Our Lady of the Rosary - This gathering will also conclude the
      Novena started on January 13 with Benediction following Mass

Thursday, January 22nd, 2009 - at 4:30 p.m.

     *
A Public Prayer Rally/Candle Light Vigil on the Anniversary of Roe v. Wade,
      on Thursday, January 22, 4:30 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. at the corner of
      Grape St. and Pacific  Highway, Downtown San Diego -


For information or questions contact Kent Peters at 858-490-8324

  

 

Number 3:   2009 celebrates the Fifth Annual Walk for Life West in San Francisco - Join more than 30,000 men, women, and children in a Witness for Human Life on Saturday, January 24th!  Below is a flyer for the event and a link to both the web site and a Pdf of the flyer

Great News!  Roundtrip flights from San Diego to either San Francisco or Oakland on January 24th are still only $99 on Southwest Airlines

Download the flyer below at:

http://www.walkforlifewc.com/2009/WFL_Jan24_2009.pdf

Visit the Walk for Life West Coast web site at:

http://www.walkforlifewc.com 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Short Reports on OSM Related Issues/Events


Number 1:   Sue Lopez, devoted friend to expectant mothers in need and their unborn children, moved on to accept her eternal reward on Sunday, November 23, 2008, the Feast of Christ the King - Please watch for an article on Sue in the January Southern Cross Newspaper which will also be reprinted in our January e-link bulletin

Sue Lopez will be missed.  Her husband, Roger, and four children, Marie, David, Laura, and Johnny, know that best, but Sue's impact on the community, involving prayer, public witness, and direct service to those facing unplanned pregnancies, was almost unfathomable, and those who worked with her and observed her commitment to life can hardly believe she is gone.  Following are just a few of the hundreds of comments left on the CaringBridge web site in the days before and following her death.

And I have great admiration for the way she was able to pass on her great faith to her children.

How I wish I could tell Sue what her example, her witness, her kindness, her gifts have given me personally.

We rejoice in that Jesus and Mary welcomed her with open arms into the kingdom prepared for her from the foundation of the world, for she lived Jesus' law of love in the pro-life movement for all the babies.

Thanks to all who coordinated the beautiful rosary in Sue's backyard Sun. p.m.  I will never forget it.  It was obvious the angels were all around waiting to escort her home after her faithful service here on earth.

I can only imagine the pure and perfect joy Sue must be experiencing in Heaven now as she sees Our Lord face to face.

Heaven is celebrating and welcoming the new saint that just arrived.

She has shown all of us what it means to die a peaceful and holy death.

To visit Sue's CaringBridge web site and read comments in their entirety, go to: http://www.caringbridge.org/visit/suelopez

We love you, Sue, and will some day join you in serving Our Lord in Heaven.


 


 

Number 2:   Restorative justice views crime as violation of human relationships.  This was the theme of the 2008 diocesan restorative justice conference.

By Denis Grasska

PASTORAL CENTER  From the perspective of the Catholic Church, crime is "a violation first of all of people and relationships," said Father William R. Headley, CSSp, dean of the Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies at the University of San Diego.

(Photo at Left: Fr. Headley speaks at the October Restorative Justice Conference)

For that reason, he said, the Church's approach to criminal justice emphasizes the importance of "restoring broken relationships."

Father Headley made his remarks Oct. 18 at the diocesan Pastoral Center, during the 2008 Roman Catholic Restorative Justice and Detention Ministry Conference.

Sponsored by the Diocese of San Diego, the conference attracted some 160 participants, who are currently serving in detention ministry, victim ministry and victim/offender mediation in the local community. Conference participants included volunteers, team leaders and chaplains, as well as representatives of state and county detention facilities.

In his presentation, Father Headley examined the concept of Restorative Justice, an approach to criminal justice issues that has been strongly promoted by the U.S. Catholic bishops.

In 2000, the U.S. bishops dealt with the subject at length in a document entitled "Responsibility, Rehabilitation and Restoration: A Catholic Perspective on Crime and Criminal Justice."

Restorative Justice, Father Headley said, is primarily concerned with the needs of victims and the responsibility of offenders to repair the harm cause by their crimes. He said proponents believe that true justice involves bringing victims, offenders and community members together to seek healing and reconciliation.

Father Headley contrasted this view with the approach currently taken by the American criminal justice system, which is primarily concerned with violations of the law and "offenders getting what they deserve." This approach fails to address the damage that a particular crime has done to individual lives and entire communities, he said.

During his presentation, Father Headley also noted that Restorative Justice is "not necessarily an alternative to prison." He also said it is "neither a panacea nor necessarily a replacement for the legal system."

The 2008 Restorative Justice and Detention Ministry Conference began with a Mass celebrated by Auxiliary Bishop Salvatore J. Cordileone and four concelebrating priests. Mass was followed by a series of presentations and a catered lunch.

In addition to Father Headley, the list of speakers included: Bishop Cordileone; Ben Conorroe and Cyril Reinike of the San Diego Restorative Justice Mediation Program; and Sister Katie Lett, CPPS, a former educator and parish administrator now serving in detention ministry.

There was also a brief presentation by a former inmate who credits detention ministers with helping him turn his life around.

For more information on detention ministry and Restorative Justice efforts in the Diocese of San Diego, visit www.diocese-sdiego.org/restore or call Deacon Jim Walsh at (858) 490-8375.

The Southern Cross

 



 

Number 3:   Premier showing of the documentary film, "Love Lived on Death Row" was a great success at St. Thomas More Parish in Oceanside

On Sunday October 26, an audience of more than 45 gathered at St. Thomas More Parish to view the moving documentary “Love Lived on Death Row.”

This outstanding documentary film by Linda Booker details the Syriani family and their story of profound loss.  In 1990, their father murdered their mother, a crime which resulted in his death sentence.  After struggling with their hate, anger and confusion for nearly 20 years, the children collectively decided to visit their father in prison, seeking answers and perhaps closure.  Instead, they experienced amazing grace and forgiveness, re-establishing their relationships with their father, then destined for execution.  Their public struggle to save his life attracted widespread attention and is a story of the strength of compassion and the insanity of the death penalty in America.

(Photo: Jennifer Bonakdar - on right, CPF San Diego Chapter member and event coordinator, chats with Linda Booker, Producer, Writer, and Director of "Love Lived on Death Row")

Those present were visibly moved by the film, which provoked a rich discussion with the filmmaker.  Ms. Booker discussed her own relationship with the Syriani children, who have struggled to make sense of this second loss, robbing them of another parent in the name of justice despite their pleas to save his life. 

Also present was Judy Kerr, a member of California Crime Victims for Alternatives to the Death Penalty, who spoke of the murder of her brother and her work against capital punishment.  In her own words, “Justice through execution is not the justice I need and it is not the justice I want in my country or my world.”

The event was organized by the San Diego chapter of California People of Faith Working Against the Death Penalty (CPF).

Anyone who would like to schedule a showing of "Love Lived on Death Row" at his or her parish or would like to be added to the CPF mailing list and kept informed of events like this should email cpfsd@cox.net or call Kent Peters at 858-490-8324. 

Jennifer Bonakdar
 

 

Web and e-mail-based Resources



 



 

Laura Lopez, daughter of Sue Lopez, created a photo montage that was played at the reception following Sue's funeral.  Laura was kind enough to publish the montage on YouTube for all to view.

 




 

We thank you, Laura, for giving us a more complete picture of the many roles your mother embraced during her lifetime. 




What a blessing to humanity your mother was and still is! 




To view the Sue Lopez video visit: 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SmEok7FS76Y

 

 

New Local/Regional Events and Gatherings 


If you are planning an event that falls within the mission of social ministry, send the particulars four to five weeks in advance to the Office for Social Ministry via e-mail, osmelink@diocese-sdiego.org.  The OSM reserves the right to publish or not to publish any proposed event information.  We hope this will assist your local efforts to re-build a culture of life.
 

1. Attend the San Diego "Friends of Fair Trade" monthly meeting

San Diego Friends of Fair Trade is a coalition of non-profit organizations and congregations attempting to advance the cause of fair trade.  They work to insure that all individuals who toil, both at home and around the world, to provide consumers with commodities are paid a living wage, one that can sustain a life with dignity. 

The next SD Friends of Fair Trade meeting will be on Wednesday, January 14, 2009, at 6:00 p.m. at the Open Door Book Store on 4761 Cass St., Pacific Beach - For more information please contact Carolyn Lief at fairtradesandiego@gmail.com 

 

2. Get Acquainted with Detention Ministry in the Diocese of San Diego

Join Deacon Jim Walsh each month for an Information and Training Seminar on detention ministry and restorative justice at the Diocesan Pastoral Center, 3888 Paducah Drive, San Diego, 92117

For the month of January...

The next Information and Training Seminar will take place on Thursday, January 22, 2009 from 6:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. at the Pastoral Center - Visit the web site for more information:
www.diocese-sdiego.org/restore
 
Contact Deacon Jim Walsh for reservations or questions: 858-490-8375 or e-mail Deacon Jim jwalsh@diocese-sdiego.org

 

3. North-County prayer witness at the Carlsbad Planned Parenthood Clinic

North County parishioners meet the third Monday of every month from 10:00 to 10:30 a.m. to peacefully pray the rosary in front of the Carlsbad Planned Parenthood Clinic.  The clinic is located at 1820 Marron Rd. (in the shopping center just west of Plaza Camino Real Mall).  For more information contact Jahna White of St. Margaret Parish at 760-586-6356.


4. Prayerful witness for life at two locations (7340 Miramar Road in San Diego and 15546 Pomerado Road in Poway) in San Diego County

Helpers of God’s Precious Infants weekly rosary prayer vigil from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. every Saturday and Wednesday at 7340 Miramar Road, directly above Metro Flooring in the complex with the Pyramid Building, adjacent to Carroll Road.  Prayer warriors also needed as early as 7:30 a.m. 

Call Roger Lopez 619/990-1341 for more information.
 
Second Saturday of the month:  20 decades of the Rosary are prayed in procession past 4 clinics following the 7:30 a.m. Mass, 15546 Pomerado Road, Poway.  For more information, call 858-748-2109.
 


5. St. Dismas Guild sponsors two weekly hours of prayer for the unborn in North County

Join members of St. Dismas Guild for a rosary picket at Womancare, 120 S. Craven Way, San Marcos, (across from Cal State San Marcos), Tuesdays, 9-10 a.m.

The Guild also sponsors prayer (the rosary) in front of PayLess at Mission Avenue and Escondido Blvd. 347 W. Mission on Thursdays, 10:30-11:30 a.m.  For information on these prayer vigils, call 760-751-8541. 


6. St. John the Evangelist Parish in Encinitas Pro-Life Mass and Rosary held on the first Monday of each month

The first Monday of every month is designated Pro-Life Monday at St. John the Evangelist Church, 1001 Encinitas Blvd, Encinitas.  The 8:00 a.m. Mass will be followed by a Rosary for Life.  For more information, please call Helene McIlhon at 858-756-0622.


7. Most Precious Blood Parish Rosary Prayer Vigils held on Wednesdays each week 

The Pro-Life Prayer Group from Most Precious Blood sponsors a Rosary Prayer Vigil in front of the Clinica Medica abortion facility at 1550 Broadway, Chula Vista every Wednesday at 8:45 a.m.  For more information, please call Shirley Henry at 619-420-7096 or Luis Mendoza at 619-300-5563.
 

8. Prayer partners are needed mornings at the office of Feliciano Rios M.D., 1079 Third Ave., suite 3, in Chula Vista - Dr. Rios will perform abortions at his medical facility in the a.m.

Please contact Luis Mendoza, a Missionary of The Gospel of Life Lay Associate, at 619-300-5563, with questions or to share interest in this prayer ministry.


9. There is a new Planned Parenthood facility located at 1685 East Main, just off the Greenfield Drive exit in El Cajon - join friends and neighbors in prayer

According to the PP website, chemical (RU-486) abortions only are done at this location - not surgical abortions.  They do refer women for abortions to their surgical center on First Ave.  Join the group each Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. and Saturday from 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. Contact: Debbie 619-933-7776.


10.   The Goretti Group offers chastity prayer and speaker training monthly

Every First Friday of the month the Goretti Group will Celebrate a St. Maria Goretti Mass at Our Lady of the Rosary, 1654 State Street, at 6:15 p.m.

Every Second Monday of the month: ChasteMasters Meeting at Our Lady of the Rosary, Giovanni Room, 7:00 p.m.  -  Please join us in prayer, a roundtable discussion, and providing feedback as chastity speakers refine their talks.

For more info please visit: www.thegorettigroup.org or call David at: 619-733-8439

 

Watch for OSM e-link bulletin #74 around Thursday, January 29, 2009    
 

 

Article/Statement for December 23, 2008


FOCA or the Freedom of Choice Act may be upon us early in the New Year. 


LIFE ISSUES FORUM                                                       December 12, 2008



Time to Stand Up for Life

By Richard M. Doerflinger

At their November 2008 general meeting, the Catholic bishops of the United States congratulated our new President-elect and urged Americans to unite in solidarity at a time of economic crisis, reminding us that “we are our brothers’ and sisters’ keepers.”  They also expressed grave concern over a looming pro-abortion agenda that could divide our nation as never before.

At the core of that agenda is a radical proposal called the “Freedom of Choice Act” (FOCA).  Despite its name, FOCA would deprive Americans of their freedom to enact almost any restraint on abortion at any stage of pregnancy.  It would overturn hundreds of current laws on conscience rights, informed consent, limits on tax-funded abortion, and parental involvement in minors’ abortion decisions.  President-elect Obama has vowed (and recently reaffirmed) that he looks forward to signing it into law.

The bishops said with one voice that they will mobilize the Catholic community to oppose this agenda.  Catholics – whether they voted against Mr. Obama because of his abortion stance, or voted for him despite that stance -- can unite in a massive grassroots campaign against FOCA, urging Congress to retain all existing federal laws that prevent government funding and promotion of abortion.

Some may see this as useless, because both chambers of Congress now have pro-abortion majorities.  But the same was true in 1993, when Bill Clinton became President.  An earlier version of FOCA was steadily moving forward in Congress, when millions of postcards signed by Catholic parishioners landed on Capitol Hill and began convincing members to back off from this radical pro-abortion agenda.  FOCA became stalled as members debated whether they really wanted to overturn all longstanding and popular laws placing any limit on abortion.  The 1994 election then brought another change in Congress, and the threat was averted for years to come.  This can happen again.

Ironically, some may think the opposite – that there is no need for a campaign, because FOCA (and perhaps the pro-abortion agenda generally) will be on the back burner for months or years while the economy and health care dominate congressional debate.  That, too, would be a mistake.  FOCA as a single bill may not come up right away.  But extending the appropriations bills that fund all federal programs will be one of Congress’s first duties in January, and new funding bills covering the next fiscal year will be written in early spring.  Many current laws on taxpayer funding, conscience rights, and other issues exist only as provisions in these bills, and could be eliminated with the stroke of a committee chairman’s pen – paving the way for the more wholesale assault of FOCA, if pro-life Americans do not voice their opposition early and clearly.

In this campaign Catholics will be fighting a specific bill, and the overall agenda that it embodies – that of knocking down the modest laws that have reduced abortions, and prevented outright government subsidies and mandates for abortion, for 35 years.  These laws must not be swept away all at once, or one at a time.  We will urge Congress not to start down this destructive path, but to serve the life, health and prosperity of all Americans, beginning with the most vulnerable.  This goal could be achieved if millions of Catholics would take a minute to sign a postcard to their elected representatives.

(Mr. Doerflinger is Associate Director of the Secretariat of Pro-Life Activities, U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops.  Go to  to learn more about the bishops' pro-life activities.)